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Music dictionaryA B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y ZA a tempo, al tempo, au mouvement, im tempo, tempo io, tempo primo - back to the original tempo (found after a rit., rall., or accel.) adagio - a tempo marking; indicates the piece is to be played slowly agitato - "agitated" or restless allegro - a fast, lively tempo allegretto - a little slower than allegro, but faster than largo amplitude - volume (measured in decibels [Db]) - the difference between the high and low phases of a sound wave or sound cycle. Usually expressed in pressure as it effects the ear drum. Determines the loudness of sound andante - moderately slow tempo andantino - a little slower than andante animato, animado - animated animando - getting livelier appassionato - passionately attacca - continue without pause
B bar - either individual barlines or the measure in between barline - vertical lines dividing a certain number of beats into measures or bars bass clef - the clef which places F on the fourth line - also known as the F clef beam - used in place of flags to group together notes into metric patterns - but only notes smaller in value than a quarter note. If you beam a quarter note, it becomes an 8th note - it's like adding a flag beat - the temporal unit of a musical composition brio - roughly translated as "verve" or "gusto"
C cantabile - "singing"; play emulating as much as possible the singing voice chromatic scale - a scale consisting of twelve half steps to the octave clef - signs written at the beginning of each staff which designate the pitches of the lines and spaces con - with con fuoco - with fire con moto - with movement con spirito - with spirit concerto - composition for solo instrument and orchestra, usually in three movements with a fast - slow - fast pattern; in a concerto of classic form, both the soloist and the orchestra must state each theme in turn in each movement. crescendo, cresc. - growing louder
D diatonic - an order of tones expressed by the white keys of the piano keyboard; concerning scales with progressing degrees of different names dim., diminuendo - getting softer dolce,dolcemente - sweetly dot - used after a note to indicate augmentation of its value by one-half douloureux,doloroso - sorrowful duration - a relative length of a tone or rest
E e,et,ed - and espressivo - expressively or with expression etude - a study or exercise in technique, typically used by a composer for experimentation in style or sound quality or to provide a show piece for an accomplished soloist
F f, forte - strong loud fantasia - a composition type in which a more improvisational style is used, usually in a single movement ff, fortissimo - very loud flag - a symbol resembling a flag attached to the right side of a note stem in order to halve its value. i.e.: add a flag to an 8th note and it becomes a 16th note, etc flat - a musical symbol which lowers a note by one half step frequency - pitch (measured in hertz [Hz]) - the number of cycles of sound pressure waves which occur each second in producing sound fugue - counterpoint composition in which two or more voices ("polyphony") are interwoven by the various parts at different intervals of pitch; the voices are often played by a single soloist. The name is a Germanicized form of the Latin word for "fleeing" or "running"
G giocoso - merrily grave - slowly, gravely, solemnly grazioso - gracefully or with grace
H half note - the second-largest unit in modern music notation. It receives one-half the value of a whole note
I impromptu - as the name implies, a composition of an improvisational character without fixed form but linked by the use of themes interval - the pitch relation or distance between two tones invention - an exercise in two or three part counterpoint
J
K
L langsam (Ger.) - slow largo - broadly and slowly, but not as slow as grave ledger lines - short lines used as extensions above and below the regular five-line staff legato - play smoothly with no separation between the notes lent,lento - slow
M measure - the space between two barlines meter - the basic scheme of note values and accents which remain unaltered throughout a composition or section thereof mf - moderately loud mp - moderately soft m.s.,m.g.,l.h. - left hand Ma non troppo - without rushing, not too much Maestoso - majestic, stately marcato, marque - marked, stressed meno - less Minuet - a moderate tempo dance type commonly found in works from the Baroque period; often found in Classical period works in the minuet and trio form.. Usually in 3/4 time and light in feel. moderato,modere - moderate Molto - very, much Mosso - movement (or agitation) movement - a distinct division of a composition with its own key, themes, rhythm, and character. In classical music performances one usually reserves applause until the completion of all the movements which make up the work being performed
N nocturne - a romantic character piece written with an expressive melody over a broken chord accompaniment note - a symbol used to express the pitch and duration of musical tones
O octave - an interval consisting of eight diatonic tones offbeats - any note event which isn't on the beat
P p, piano - soft pp, ppp,pianissimo - very soft ped., con pedale - with pedal pie, plus - more pitch - the word used to describe the relative highness or lowness of a tone, scientifically determined by the number of vibrations per second poco, poco a poco - little, little by little prelude - an introductory movement complete in itself; often used to describe piano compostions written in a single movement presto - fast prestissimo - as fast as possible
Q quarter note - unit of music notation that receives one beat when the lower unit of the time signature is "4". A quarter note receives one-fourth the value of a whole note quarter rest - a rest equal in time to a quarter note
R rall., rallentando - slowing down rest - a symbol used to indicate relative periods of silence rhythm - the flow of musical time; the interference of sounds against an underlying pulse rit.,ritard,ritardano,ritenuto,reteno - holding back rondo - a composition where the first and third musical ideas are the same, with the second idea being different material. This form is often used in the last movement of sonatas or concertos.
S sf,sff,sfz,fz - accent sans - without scale - a series of tones, comprised within an octave scale degree - functional and numerical designation for the notes of a scale. The degrees are numbered from one to seven. If you progress up the scale degrees from any given note, by the time you reach what would have been the 8th scale degree, you are back at the same note name you started on - so you're considered to be back at "1" again semitone or half-step - the smallest interval used in Western music. Located on the piano keyboard by progressing up and down from any black or white key to the nearest black or white key semplice - with simplicity sempre - always sharp - a musical symbol which raises any note to which it is applied by one half step simile - same sonata - an instrumental composition usually in three movements in related keys with different forms and character; short for Sonata allegro. In a classic sonata form, the first movement is usually an allegro, followed by an adagio, then a rondo or minuet, ending with another allegro. sonatina - a shorter version of the sonata, the movements are usually shorter and simpler, originally written as teaching pieces sostenuto - sustained staff - five parallel horizontal lines, upon and between which musical notes are written, thus indicating their relative pitch subdivision - division of the beat into 2, 3, or 4 equal durations subito - suddenly symphony - a sonata for orchestra, usually in four movements; the movement structure usually follows Sonata allegro form although there can be fewer than four movements
T tempo - the pace of musical time; the speed at which the beat progresses tie - a curved line placed over a note and its repetition to show that the two shall be performed as one unbroken note timbre - quality of tone, determined by the relative prominence of overtones (pronounced TAM-ber) time signature - a numerical symbol written as a fraction which indicates the number of beats in a measure and the unit which is to receive one beat tr - trill tone - the basic building material of music; it has four distinct properties: pitch, duration, loudness, and timbre tranquillo - calm, tranquil treble clef - the clef which places G on the second line - also known as the G clef
U un peu, un poco - a little
V vite - Rapid vivace - lively and fast vivacissimo - as lively and fast as possible volta - time (2da volta= second time through)
W X Y Z
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